We looked at the poems The Behaviour of Dogs and Flying to Belfast, :: English Literature

We looked at the poems The Behaviour of Dogs and Flying to Belfast We looked at the poems The Behaviour of Dogs and Flying to Belfast, 1977 by Craig Raine. In Raine's poem The Behaviour of dogs he describes to us the many different breeds and types of dog that there are in the world and what effect they have on our lives. In the poem Craig Raine describes dogs in a different way than we would normally think of them to make us see them in unfamiliar ways. To make the dogs' actions easier for us to imagine he uses imagery of things we see in everyday life and on television but that we don't usually associate with dogs, "Their feet are four-leafed clovers that leave a jigsaw in the dust". This start of the poem is describing dogs' feet. Saying the dog's feet are four-leafed clovers is describing the shape of the dogs paw, but also four-leafed clovers are associated with good luck, which gives us a benign and warm association. The second verse is also submitting a friendly atmosphere around dogs when it refers to the way dogs "grin" and "tease us", this shows the good relationship shared between man and dog. Raine describes the teeth of dogs like "Yale keys" suggesting that they are serrated, jagged and sharp, Raine also uses imagery to describe the way a dog's tongue slips out as it pants, "joke-shop Niagara tongues," this line also includes an element of humour if you imagine a massive joke-shop tongue! In the third verse Raine starts focusing on the different breeds of dog, and certain characteristics that make them different to one another. He mentions a whippet and how it "jack-knifes across the grass", implying that the whippet is sharp and quick. He also notices an afghan hound with its fringe of straight hair on either side of its head like the traditional folds of an "opera house curtain"; he also mentions how the afghan looks a bit like Wild Bill Hicock - which implies that dogs can sometimes have human characteristics, the 'human' theme is carried on in the last verse, when Raine is mentioning certain things that dogs do. In the next verse Raine talks about the Labrador and how it, "cranks a village pump", this is a description of how it wags its tail so vigorously and enthusiastically. Then he goes to the opposite type of dog, the boxer who, "shimmies her rump, docked to a door knocker", this describes how a boxer has to wag its whole posterior because its tail has been cut off. When describing the Alsatian Raine says, "the

How business works Essay

Introduction In this assignment I will be producing a case study on large/medium sided businesses, showing of how business works. My chosen company is McDonalds. The following will be including in my case study: * A description of what the business does, its aims and objectives. * A description of the purposes and activities of human resources and any other three functional areas. * A description of how effectively different areas of the business communicate. * A description of how the structure of the business is different from another organisation’s structure. * A record of my source’s information. McDonalds Restaurant OverView McDonalds is a large fast food chain of restaurants operating world wide, started in America and has outlets in other places such as, India, Cyprus. In many countries McDonald s sells variations of its food to cater for local tastes. They are also known for being multicultural because of the different cultural foods in their restaurants. Because of their huge volume of sales McDonalds has strong purchasing power with its suppliers and is therefore able to sell food very competitively. By the end of 2001 their was 1,184 restaurants in the UK alone. They had a target to get over 80 new restaurants opened by 2002, and that was achieved. By opening over 80 new restaurants they employed 4,800 new employees. ACTIVITY, AIMS & OBJECTIVES (P1, D2) Main Activity The main activity of McDonalds is selling fast food. They aim to provide a customer service, there are 1.5 million employees working for McDonald restaurants in the 119 countries, which all have the same daily activities which involves the staff in greeting, serving and helping customers with any enquiries or problems. They are the largest food service company in the world, so it’s important that all employees work together to succeed their aim. Main Aim McDonalds main aim is to provide customers with a fast food service in order to obtain a profit for its shareholders. McDonalds are committed to conducting their business with the environment in mind. McDonalds mission statement is â€Å"To be the world’s best quick service restaurant†. This is being achieved through five strategies such as; * Development: Lead the quick service restaurant market by a programme of site development profitable restaurant openings. * Our People: Achieve a competitive advantage through people who are high calibre, effective, well motivated and feel part of the McDonalds team in delivering the company’s goals. * Restaurant Excellence: Focus on consistent delivery of quality, service and cleanliness through excellence in our restaurants. * Operating Structure: Optimise restaurant performance through the selection of the most appropriate operating, management and ownership structures. * The Brand: Continue to build the relationship between McDonald’s and our customers in order to be a genuine part of the fabric of British society. Objectives McDonalds objective is to be the best’s quick service restaurant and believes and believes that this involves avoiding damage to the environment at a local and global level. The company aims to ensure that its operations today do not have an effect on the lives of future consumers. McDonald’s is involved in an ongoing programme with the aim to improve the environment, they do this by reusable packaging and recycling. Functional Areas within McDonalds (P2, M1, D2) HUMAN RESOURCES The Human Resources department concentrates on employees who work for the McDonald restaurants. Human Resources department include managing staff and their welfare, so the safety of their staff is taking very seriously, this all comes under Health and Safety. Staff have to be careful not to use computers/tills for long periods of time because they can suffer from eyestrain, tiredness or stress. McDonalds is improving communication systems by installing panic buttons for the safety against violent customers. McDonald’s employees have to work together to ensure a hazard free zone, by adhering to the health and safety regulations. McDonalds puts new employees on to a training system, to make sure if an accident happens which involves either a member of staff or a customer getting hurt, then the employee will be able to handle the situation effectively. McDonalds restaurants work to high standards, which meets and mostly exceeds the rules and regulations. The company always aims for the highest standards given in guidelines because of health and safety regulations and to expand the business. If McDonalds didn’t meet the requirements than they would be closed down by the health and safety executives. The Human Resources department contributes to McDonald’s activity by making sure: * They employ the right staff * Making sure the store is a hazard free zone These things contribute to the activity of McDonalds because without them they wouldn’t be able to achieve their aim, so it’s important that all the different department’s work together to succeed it. Recruitment, Training and Development When recruiting staff McDonalds look for people who have a positive attitude towards customers, themselves and other employees, and who are capable of delivering the highest standards of quality, service and cleanliness to our customers. Then potential employees are trained, promoted and treated on the basis of their relevant skills, talents and performance and without reference to race, colour, nationality, ethnic origin, sexual orientation, gender, marital status, age and disability. McDonalds management development curriculum takes new recruits form trainee manager to restaurant manger. They have on-the-job training and open learning development modules, backed up with courses and seminars at the company’s national and regional training centres. Hourly paid staff receive continuous on-the-job training by computer based training and other training materials. When employees complete their initial training staff members are awarded a basic certificate in food hygiene. Employees Below are the figures of the staff’s gender and age status. By the end of 2000 McDonald’s employed 49,726 members of staff: * 46, 207 restaurant crew * 2, 974 restaurant management crew * 545 office staff Health and Safety McDonalds always aims for the highest standards (and mostly exceeds), so they can achieve its aim and be the best quick service restaurant. If McDonalds didn’t meet the requirements of the health and safety act 1974 than they would be closed down by the health and safety executives. The most common hazards which occur in a work place are: 1. Leaving the work place untidy and dirty 2. Leaving floors wet and stairs 3. Leaving wires to trial across passageways 4. Frayed carpet or loose tiles 5. Equipment just left all over work surfaces 6. Too many plugs inserted into only one electric socket The human resources department has to make sure that all health and safety regulations are met. If they are not met then it can be closed down, also if the restaurant is unclean then it could loose customers and wouldn’t keep up their activity to be the best selling fast food restaurant. Customers wouldn’t want to go to a dirty restaurant, where there are a lot of hazards going on such as; wet shop floor, bins over filled, dirty tables and a unclean kitchen area. If any of these hazards occurred in any McDonalds restaurants customers could become ill or hurt, which would result in McDonalds going to court or having to closed the McDonalds restaurant down. Management training includes coping with emergency situations that could arise in a restaurant. This is because it decreases the risk of people being injured or the buildings being damaged in the McDonald restaurants. When an accident has occurred the manager then has to write out what happened and then investigate on the matter. Training is the main priority to ensure the consistency of the restaurant operation, and the highest levels of customer service and care. Every McDonalds franchisee must successfully complete a training programme which takes on average nine months to complete. Trade Union The workers are represented by union of shop, distributed and allied worker. Job Roles In Human Resources Job Roles In the Human Resources function Carmel Flatley, Human Resources Director I am the human resources director of McDonalds and I have the overall decision of anything that happens in this department. I also have to make sure that the human resources department don’t go over their budget. Paul Smith, Human Resources Manager I look after the whole HR department and staff, involved with industrial relations and trade unions negotiations, implementing the organisations HR policies. Gemma Wilson, Recruitment officer I deal with recruiting people, that’s sending out application forms, making interviews for potential employees. Potential employees don’t need to be experience in any way, because McDonalds is committed to training their staff and improving the skills of staff. Matthew Lawrence, Health and Safety Officer I deal with all health and safety matters, accident monitoring and staff welfare. That involves making sure that the shop floor is a hazard free zone for customers and clean and tidy, making sure the kitchen is clean enough to work in. I am well trained in first aid so that if any accidents happen, I will be their to help. I also have to deal with complaints and try to solve them. FINANCE The finance is one of the most important functions as they record all the money going in and out of the business, they give a budget for each other department to spend to make sure they keep their level of income and expenditure. They would regularly check the amount of money each department has spend and made to see if they are on target or not. If a department has gone over their budget then the finance dept would check to see if there is enough money to lend those more. So the purpose of the financial function therefore is to: * Keep all the financial records required by the organisation, detailing all the receipts and payments that have been made * Prepare final accounts from these records as required by law * Monitor the income and expenditure of different departments against their budgets * Provide continuous, up to date financial information for managers about business performance * Pay salaries and wages to the staff * Pay amounts owing to suppliers * Control the levels of debts owed to the company * Obtain additional finance when required, from the most appropriate source * Advise senior managers on the financial implications of major decisions These contribute to the McDonald’s activity by being apart of providing a good customer service by, paying the employees their salaries/wages, if they weren’t paid they wouldn’t be no staff or it could result in the staff withdrawing their labour. Production will cease and the employer will lose revenue. By McDonalds receiving more capital they can improve the quality of the store or products so customers would be more pleased of the in store environment or pleased of what they have purchase. It would result in consumers returning to the store because of the good service and also bringing more money to the business which will also achieve their aim which is to be the best selling fast food restaurant. Job Roles in Finance Department JOB ROLES George Mackay, Finance Director I am the finance director and I am in charge of the whole finance department. It involves information services, new product development, quality assurance and supply chain. I have to make sure a product which is purchased has the right quality that is expected from consumers, and then have to put a price to it. The most important part of the finance department is the cash flow which is the movement of cash going in and out a business. As a finance director I have to gives advice to senior managers on the overall decision on financial matters. And also as a director I have the last say with what happens within the finance department. Christopher Bateman, Financial Manager I looks after the finance function and the staff. Advising on financial resources. As a manager I have to make sure that all work as been done well. E.g. they have to monitor the income and expenditure of all departments to make sure they haven’t gone over their budget. So after the staff have checked their cash flow I then have to then go threw it to make sure nothing has been missed out. Derek, Daniels, Ledger Clerk I have to assist the chief accountant in the recording of all financial transactions. So where the money goes or comes in I have to make sure the chief accountant has recorded it all effectively. If any mistakes have been made I then have to correct the errors. Nita Negi, Credit Control Clerk As a credit control clerk, I have to assist the credit controller in checking the credit status of new customers and existing accounts, and also Reminding customers or overdue payment. PRODUCTION Production is all about the process of making something. Product life style shows the stages of a product or a range of products. If it isn’t successful it goes to decline stage. The activities of the production department are listed below: * Obtaining the resources required to produce goods or provide a service * Organising the resources to produce the goods or provide the service in the most appropriate way For the activities to be achieve they must consider the aim of the business which is to be the best selling fast food restaurant, so they have to find the best quality of food that suits them and then order it but first having to keep on target and not going over their budget by ordering expensive items or ordering to much that it all cant be produced/sold. Another thing they must consider is if the resources can be organised to achieve the aims, doing this they have to think about selling it cheaper then their competitors or having an offer like buy on get on free. They do this so it sells more because people wouldn’t to spend more they would go to the most cheapest place or giving the product an offer can be appealing to the customers. The production department contributes to McDonald’s activity by finding the right products at the right prices. When good quality products are sold at low prices it pleases customers and make them want to return, it also brings in more people as when a customer is pleased with the type of service they have receive the consumer then tells several other people, which makes then want to try it out. Job roles in Production Job Roles in Production Steven Cornway, Production Manager Responsible for the entire production function and it’s operations. What ever goes on has to be checked and authorised by me. Kim Karenga, Production Planners Plan all production to maximise machine use and staffing, taking account of customer requirements. Chris Walker, Production Controllers To check all production is going to schedule. Ted Osborne, Designers I am responsible for the actual design of the finished product. So if I don’t like the way a product has been designed I can make remendments. MARKETING The object of marketing is to make sure that the right product is made and potential customers are persuaded to buy it. Market Research can be carried out through either primary or secondary research. Primary research means asking someone on their views or opinions. A way of asking potential customers of their views or opinions is to make sure a survey, having questions about a certain item. After the survey has been completed they will then need to send out the surveys to potential customers, by either online, over the phone, by post or giving out surveys (in stores. Postal surveys don’t have much of a response as the others do as it takes more time e.g. sending it back, so when postal surveys are concerned their will usually have to be some kind of incentive offered for completing the survey, so customers would be tempted to fill it out. Secondary research is known as â€Å"desk research†. It consists to looking up facts or figures in books, magazines, computer databases, company files. So secondary research is looking at information that already exists instead of creating your own. McDonalds keeps a large amount of information on their databases about their customers and their buying patterns, also companies buy information from government statistics. Product – The amount of products the customer wants, the quality wanted, the features and the styling that are preferred, whether packaging is important, whether a guarantee or after sales service is required. Strategies – Is a long term plan for future success or development. Place – McDonalds are located on high streets or town centres. Marketing contributes to the McDonalds activity by market research (finding out what potential customers wants/needs), and improving existing products. Both of these improve the customer service, marketing contribute a lot to their activity to make McDonalds achieve their activity. All the functions work together to achieve it. The job roles of Marketing Job Roles in Marketing Matthew Howe, Marketing Director I am responsible for the overall marketing function and its aims and objectives. So if any idea’s have been thought of they have to been checked with me before anyone goes ahead and makes a change. Ethan Farah, Sales Manager As a sales manager I am responsible for overseas agents and the achievement of sales targets overseas. David Frank, Market Researchers Market researchers have to find out consumer opinions on current and proposed goods and services, if this is not done than they could bring out a product which isn’t doesn’t sell a lot and a loose the money they put in to produce the products. Advertising Manager An advertising manager is in charge of advertising and liaising with agency staff over publicity campaigns. Advertising is one of the most important things in marketing as without advertising a product will not be known so their would sell as well as products being advertised. EQUAL OPPORTUNTIES (P3, M2, D2) In a work placement an employee has rights and responsibilities. Below are the rights and responsibilities of an employee. Rights as an employee Employee’s rights How to carry it out Having safe working conditions Making sure that the area your working is a hazard free zone, if not consult your manager or the human resources area. It is also your job to take care with anything you do to prevent any hazards happening. Getting paid the fair salary/wage Depending on your age, experience and contract, employee’s get paid differently. You have to make sure that your getting a fair paid if not consult your manager. You should first read your contract because you might have signed for getting paid the amount you’re getting. Provided information concerning your rights Before starting your job you will be provided with information about the rights an employee has. (mainly in your contract) If you’re not provided with this information you are able to ask for it. Not to be discriminated on grounds of race, sex or disability If you feel that your getting treated unfairly according to your race, sex or disability your able to take up action like consulting your trade union. To be consulted over matters which will significantly affect your terms and conditions of employment If you employer decides to change something, which affects the terms and conditions on you employment and does not consult you first, you can take action upon this. Responsibilities for an employee Employee’s responsibilities How to carry it out To be ‘ready and willing to work It’s always good to be full with enthusiasm in your work because it looks good for the company and make you happier in your work To give a personal service Your contract will contain you main job roles, but it’s always good to provide your own service like putting your ideas into your work, smiling and just any other little thing. To treat others how you would like to be treated If you’re rude and dishonest than fellow staff would treat you the same. It’s important to work as a team and communicating well with other people, this can only be done if you treat people well. To work towards the objectives of the business Working towards the objectives of a business could look good on you and on the business, if the employer see’ s you are working hard than it could result in the employee being promoted. To work in good faith Working in good faith consists of being honest, if you’re honest it again can see that you’re trustworthy and could get promoted. But yet if your seen lying than you could loose your job. COMUNNICATION (P4, M3, D1, D2) Most organisations have different ways of communicating, communicating is one of the most important things in a business, because without communicating you cannot run a business effectively. They are all types of communicating, below is a list of ways of communicating within a business. * Meetings * Group discussions * Tele phone * Memo’s * Emails * Draft letters * Reports * Faxes There are two main methods of communication which are oral and written communication. Oral communication could be either face to face or the over the phone. If you can’t get threw to the person you are calling then you can leave a message which is still oral communication. Written communication could be sent by mail or transmitted electronically. This can include letters which is the most common one, text messages on mobile phones or notices on notice boards. Below are the advantages and disadvantages about oral and written communication. Oral Written Advantages 1. It’s a fast way of communicating because you don’t have to write things down. 2. It’s cheap, as if you phone someone you would have to pay for the phone call. 3. Immediate feedback, you don’t have to wait age’s for someone to reply back to you as you would in a letter. 1. Writing a message can be retained for future reference. 2. Writing a message can also be copied for other people’s uses. 3. Creates a distance between sender and recipient useful for difficult communication, e.g. bad news. Disadvantages 1. Clear Speech, you must speak very clearly so that other people can understand you, but yet when you write a letter people can just read it in their own pace. 2. Long or complex messages can be forgotten. 3. You can be easily distracted while someone talks to you, and then you could forget the whole message they just told you. 1. When writing a letter it can take time to write, while if your talking to someone its faster.] 2. Keyed in documents need to be skilled and produced quickly and accurately. 3. Delivery can take time, or could be delayed. McDonalds functional areas communicate with each other by a system called Intranet which was launched in 2000. The McDonalds intranet provides a fast and up to the minute source of information for the McDonalds restaurant management and office staff. McDonalds external communication is don’t by a system called McNews which was launched in 2000. McNews is a award wining magazine which was published monthly for all restaurant staff, then in 2002 McNews was re – launched as MDUK and is now a lively focused magazine. MDUK has activities and events from restaurants around the country. MDUK is a showcase for best practice, recognising individual’s outstanding practices and achievements, as well as highlighting internal and external awards. Apart from the Intranet and MDUK, McDonalds also has other ways of communicating within the business, they are listed below. 1. An email system operates in all offices and company – owned restaurants 2. Regular staff communication sessions are held in the offices 3. Employee satisfaction surveys for both office and restaurant staff are held annually. 4. Meetings are held monthly. 5. Memo’s – send daily An email system is to contact anyone within the business or outside the business, the email system is a fast and easier way to contact people. The email system is used by most companies and general people all over the world. Staff communication sessions are held to improve of employee’s communication skills. This is important because communicating with customers is one of the main things to do. Employee satisfaction surveys are handed out every year, so employees can write how they feel working in the McDonalds restaurants. This is a good thing to do because it’s important to keep the staff happy as it motivates the staff to work harder. Meetings are held every month to discuss the McDonalds performance. They also talk about how much they are making and see what can be improved with the money. McDonalds talks about new idea’s and try to change or promote things that is not doing so well. This is a good way of communicating as you get to talk face to face to see the expressions on each other faces and it’s faster as you don’t have to way for a reply if you do if you was writing an email. Memo’s are used daily in all of the departments. Sales manager might send a memo to human resources manager and ask if he has found a sales person. Memo’s are used daily because they are important little messages, and it’s also a fast way of sending.

Henry Fords Responsibility For Creating The American...

More than any single person of the last century, Henry Ford can take responsibility for creating the American middle class. We can thank him or curse him, but either way, we have to acknowledge the impact Henry Ford had on our society. You might not know that Henry Ford did not start out as a successful producer of automobiles. After building his first car, the Quadricycle. In 1899 he formed the Detroit Automobile Company, which quickly failed after only a few vehicles were produced. Henry and some of his original investors regrouped and formed the Henry Ford Company which quickly ran into problems as well. Henry Ford was dismissed by his board of directors from the company that carried his name because of his inability to bring a car to production. The company was reorganized as the Cadillac Motor Car Company under the engineering leadership of Henry Leland. In 1903 Henry Ford felt he was ready to market an automobile for the public and the Ford Motor Company was incorporated, this time with only $28,000 in cash put up by a new group of investors. That original investment was spent down to $300 before the company’s first car was sold, but from that time on the company was a success. In October of 1908 Henry Ford proclaimed â€Å"I will build a motor car for the common man, and that’s when the Model T was born. In the 19 years of the Model T’s existence, Ford built more than 15 million of the Model T and they were sold around the world. In fact in their time ModelShow MoreRelatedBiography of Henry Food757 Words   |  3 PagesHenry Ford is the man who forever changed American automobiles. Henry Ford converted the automobile from a luxury toy to a mainstream item of American society. 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For example, Americans transformed from a mainly agricultural societyRead MoreEssay on The Life of Henry Ford1440 Words   |  6 Pages The Life of Henry Ford Henry Ford once said, â€Å"I will build a motorcar for the masses†¦constructed of the best materials, by the best me to be hired, after the simplest designs that modern engineering can devise†¦so low in price that no man making a good salary will be unable to own one and enjoy with his family the blessing of hours of pleasure in God’s great open spaces.† (Willamette 1) This is one of his most memorable yet earliest public quotes in history, that can easilyRead MoreThe Beginning Of Modern Day Industry1698 Words   |  7 Pagesindustry. More than perhaps any single person of the last century, Henry Ford can take responsibility for creating the American consumer ethic and the American middle class. We can thank him or curse him for what he has done, but either way, we have to acknowledge the impact Henry Ford had on our society. When we think about it, we have to acknowledge the impact he has had on each of our individual lives. You might not know that Henry Ford did not start out as a successful producer of automobiles.Read MoreHenry Ford : Development Of Engineering And Mechanics2534 Words   |  11 Pages Henry Ford passion and interest in the field of engineering and mechanics lead to creation of Ford motor. First step by Henry Ford in this regard was the development of automotive mechanic in 1899. In 1899 he founded the Detroit automobile company. After this first step by him he established Ford motor in 1903. At the time of creation of Ford motor there already exists 87 different companies with different brands in US. Henry Ford established Ford motors with a new and different vision. ThatRead MoreEssay on Balanced Scorecard for Ford Motor Inc.4105 Words   |  17 PagesThe Balanced Scorecard for Ford’s North American Business Unit Table of Contents Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 Mission Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Balanced Scorecard†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 Financial Perspective†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......5 Customer Perspective†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....10 Internal Business Process Perspective†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.12 Learning Growth Perspective†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..14 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreFord Marketing Plan11940 Words   |  48 PagesBrand Manager Christina Keast, Director of Existing Research Elle How, Director of New Market Research MKT419 Professor Barretti Marketing Plan * 2. Table of Contents * 3. Executive Summary Page 1 Introduction Page X Company Description Page X Ford’s Values Page X Ford Today Page X Strategic Focus and Plan Page X Mission Page X One Team Page X One Plan Page X One Goal Page X Vision Page X Goals Page X Nonfinancial Page X Financial Page X Core Competencies Page X Situational Analysis Page X TheRead MoreFords Vision Statement : Ford6350 Words   |  26 Pagesâ€Å"Quality means doing it right when no one is looking.† -Henry Ford Ford was created in 1903 by Henry Ford in Detroit, MI. He quickly revolutionize the development of the automobile as a product and he also was the visionary behind the assembly line for mass production, and in turn made it possible for automobiles to become more affordable for the average household. Ford had a strong belief in his mission statement, which defines the kind of actions that are needed to fulfill organizational goalRead MoreManagement Theory14588 Words   |  59 Pageswas very expensive; assembling just one car took considerable time and effort; and workers could produce only a few cars in a day. To reduce costs and sell more cars, managers of early car companies needed better techniques to increase efï ¬ ciency. Henry Ford revolutionized the car industry. In 1913, Ford opened the Highland Park car plant in Detroit to produce the Model T. Ford and his team of manufacturing managers pioneered the development of mass-production manufacturing, a system that made theRead More Conditions and Effects of the Evolving Electronic Economy on Labor3644 Words   |  15 Pages(9 Rosner). Investigating the development of e-commerce it is interesting to realize who has paid for the initial development, and who is paying for the on-going maintenance, research and development. The answer? We all do in various ways. The American government has spent incalculable sums generated from taxpayers to develop computer communication systems for military and government purposes. Corporations have likewise spent billions of dollars to develop their information and commerce applications

Stalins Launch of the Great Terror Essays - 1407 Words

Stalins Launch of the Great Terror The Great Terror of 1936-1938 came after a period of success, with the completion of the First Five Year Plan and the Peasants had been collectivised to make food for the workers in the factories. Yet there was still opposition to Stalins leadership inside the party from Ryutin; Ryutin argued that Stalin should be removed from the position of General Secretary. Stalin then called for the execution of Ryutin (most communist did not believe in killing their own), Kirov, Stalins supporter and the head of Leningrad headed the majority against the execution. This made Kirov very popular in the party and when there was a vote in the Central Congress for the†¦show more content†¦He also admitted to conspiring with Trotsky to destroy Communism - this conspiracy was called the Trotskyite - Zinovievite Conspiracy. The other Trials were in 1937 with Trotsky, but he was not in the country, yet they still said he was the lead conspiracer and a counter-revolutionary. In 1938, Bukharin was put on trial, he admitted to nearly everything except, conspiring to plotting the murder of Lenin. These trials made the Russian people believe that there was a conspiracy going on and that anyone could be in on it. This made workers suspicious of anyone who did not produce as much as their fellow workers, this meant that everyone worked hard. This was a brilliant way of getting the workers to produce more to push crash industrialisation along, if there had not been the conspiracy theory then Russia would not have acted like a Totalitarian State and therefore not have been as productive. The theory scared the Russian people from even thinking anti-communist thoughts in case they were taken away to labor camps. This fear gave total control to Stalin over all areas of Russia as no one wanted to be sent to the labor camps, so this was a very effective way of controlling the people of Russia. Another reason for StalinShow MoreRelatedJoseph Stalins Power1574 Words   |  7 Pagesall of the loyal supporters and expel those who could not be sure about. From the mid-1930s he began to use public events had accused people and would get them arrested, tortured, killed or all of it combined. According to this website Joseph Stalins Rise to Power. History.com. AE Television Networks shows him getting closer to what he wants. In 1924 when Vladimir Lenin died, Stalin took over the whole leadership of the Soviet Union. Fear became one of the main weapons Stalin used against theRead MoreThe Progression from Leninism to Stalinism Essay1405 Words   |  6 PagesTrotsky, a friend of Lenin and a staunch opponent of Stalin, grudgingly admits that Stalinism did issue from Bolshevism (Trotsky). Stalins policy of socialism in one country, his use of terror to eliminate opposition, and his suppression of democracy and the soviets were all characteristics of Lenin well before they were characteristic of Stalin. Although some of Stalins policies were different from those of Lenin, what difference Stalinism did show from Leninism were either policies which Lenin hadRead MorePossible Repercussions of Publishing One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich892 Words   |  4 Pagesthen will they be prepared to make the sacrifices the regime will require. Although innovative, General Secretary Khrushchev has realized that such a policy is fraught with dangers and has definite limits. There will have to be change, but not too great as to threaten the ruling group’s hold on power. The system has to be reformed, but without weakening the rudimentary class relations from which the elite derives its privileges. Publishing â€Å"One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich† will result in theRead MoreThe Historical Background Of Yuri Gagarin1794 Words   |  8 Pagesunderstand the significance of the Gagarin’s accomplishment, it is important to look at historical background in the Soviet Space program and supporting individuals such as Sergei Korolev that helped in culminating Gagarin’s galactic feat. Origins from the Great Patriotic War. The background of the Soviet program is derived from World War II. At the end of the war the major German rocket center Nordhausen became a prime target of the Soviets. After the Soviets reached Nordhausen on their way to Berlin, famousRead MoreMccarthyism And America s Penchant For Paranoia1522 Words   |  7 Pageswho were communists (he later dropped this number to 57). Just a few weeks later, he gave a five-hour speech before the Senate where he claimed to have uncovered an â€Å"iron curtain† plot in the State Department (Cook). The Senate voted unanimously to launch an investigation, which became known as the Tydings Committee hearings (Barrett). It was this threat—that Communists could be lurking anywhere--that allowed McCarthy to become one of the most powerful senators in the country, even though he wasRead MoreStalin vs. Trotsky Essay3293 Words   |  14 Pageslife-and-death struggle. A. Stalin It is difficult to compare the later lives of the two men, for Stalin achieved sole power and Trotsky was exiled. Since Trotsky thus escaped Stalins dilemmas, it is uncertain how he would have responded to them, although he detested Stalins rule. Stalin hated his adversary so deeply that he caused his name to be written simply Judas Trotsky in officially commissioned books, but he borrowed many of his ideas and methods. TheirRead MoreThe Political Past, Present, and Future of Russia Essay3372 Words   |  14 Pagespragmatic course towards democracy, however it certainly prognosis a long establishment. Russias history and culture traces back for over a thousand years, which left deep marks in the mentality of Russian people and certainly had a great impact in Russias political and cultural development. Russia was always somewhat different from most of the European countries; it was isolated by different political principals and convictions. From the early historical developmentRead MoreHistory Grade 10 Exam Review6476 Words   |  26 Pagesbelieved in him * in 1933, Hitler succeeded in manipulating his way into power * Hitler created the fascist NAZI party * Nazi`s believed Aryans were superior to Jews * Kristallnacht (the night of broken glass) * 1938 à   Terror against German Jews in Berlin * Killed people, destroyed homes and businesses * Mein Kampf (My Struggle/Battle) * Book by Hitler * Autobiography  with an exposition of  Hitlers political ideology * Inflation and UnemploymentRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand industrial depression from the late 1860s to the 1890s, as well as the social tensions and political rivalries that generated and were in turn fed by imperialist expansionism, one cannot begin to comprehend the causes and consequences of the Great War that began in 1914. That conflict determined the contours of the twentieth century in myriad ways. On the one hand, the war set in motion transformative processes that were clearly major departures from those that defined the nineteenth-century

Security Threats Are Caused By Hackers And Viruses

Security threats are caused by hackers and viruses. Hackers use what they know to break into computers and computer networks just because they know how. There are several types of hackers to include black-cat hackers, crackers, cyber terrorists, hactivists, script kiddies or script bunnies, and white-hat hackers. Black-cat hackers break into computer systems and might steal or destroy information. Crackers intend on breaking the law when hacking. Cyberterrorists use the internet to hurt people or destroy systems. Hactivists break into systems for political and philosophical reasons. Script kiddies or script bunnies use codes from the internet and use the computer mouse to cause damage. White-hat hackers work for the owners of the system to find where vulnerabilities exist to fill in the gaps (Baltzan, 2015). To protect consumers from hacking and viruses’ information security exists. â€Å"Information security is a broad term encompassing the protection of information from ac cidental or intentional misuse by persons inside or outside an organization† (Baltzan, 2015). Even though information security exists unfortunately people are still subjected to breaches in security of their data. Breaches may occur in the healthcare industry, government facilities and also the banking industry. In 2015 alone there were several big data breaches where hackers gained access to a database members used to get access to a company’s website and services. One of the big breaches reported was inShow MoreRelatedComputer Security Against Viruses and Hacking Essay1627 Words   |  7 PagesViruses, worms, Trojan horses, and hacking are all security issues in our computer network. Each of these malwares or programs attaches and spreads in different ways. Through hacking hackers can infect computers with various types or malware and viruses. This paper will explain what viruses are, how it occurs and the types of cybercrimes that can result from it, and how to b etter protect your computer. â€Å"Security warning! Application cannot be encrypted or Spyware alert! Your computer is infectedRead MoreHackers And Its Effects On Society1085 Words   |  5 PagesMore than 30 percent of computers are infected by hacker-made viruses (â€Å"China Issues†). Hackers are an international threat that breach computers to gain information, to harm others, to make a profit, or to cripple a system. Hackers steal anything that might give them what they specifically want. This threat has increased to the severity that hacking threatens corporations and governments. 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Extent to Which Schools’ in Hong-Kong Use English as Languages Excep

Question: What is the extent to which schools in Hong-Kong use English and languages except Chinese as their medium of communication? Answer: Introduction: The under detailed research is based on the study about use of English language by people in Hong-Kong. A particular age bracket has been interviewed and analyzed and were asked questions related to use of English in their personal as well as professional life. The research question here was What is the extent to which schools in Hong-Kong use English and languages except Chinese as their medium of communication? The main aim of the study is to analyze the use of English and other languages in schools of Hong-Kong. I have considered a particular school run in the Hong Kong by propermutual-aidfirmthatwasactually settledupby the mainlanders coming toHong-Kongfollowing the setting of Peoples Republicof China (Davison, 2007).The organization has actually placed very higher values upon theusageof Putonghua as well as this isthe authorizedmediumof communicationfor the ChineseLanguage plus Literatureas well as for whole Chinese Historywithin this school.Because of useof this language in the society of HongKongthe community is oftenexpectedtowards enhancingbeneath the Chinesesovereignty, pattern of the language usewithin this school may alsoprovidefewindicationsof the way in which the circumstances is probabletodevelop within schools in HongKong generally since some coming years.Anextrareasonfor selection of this is thatI actually waspreviously familiar withorganization. Background A person residing and born plus brought up in Hong Kong in China generally grows up with and intent to always speak Chinese both at home plus even at school. Yet some schools even teach English and also Putonghua. Thus people might know three languages say English, Cantonese and Putonghua. Language in reality is merely a process of appropriate human communication which is either spoken otherwise written and also consists of utilization of words within very structured as well as conventional way. Review of Literature: The research is actually based on the study which analyzes use of English language and other languages except Chinese in schools of Hong- Kong. This study would enable the researcher to understand all the facts and details related to linguistic differences among several nations and areas and even sometime amid localities. The research well even help the readers to get the details as well as it would throw light upon the use of English language by people staying in Hong-Kong. Language actually is a process of appropriate communication of human beings either spoken or else written and also consists of use of terms and words within proper structure as well as conservative way (PENNINGTON and YUE, 1994). Thus the study aims to attain all the details related to language and specially use of English language by people in Hong- Kong. Since Hong-Kong is in china and Chinese people are always careful about use of their own Chinese language and even the schools and colleges in the nation use C hinese as basic language for communication, it has really become a necessity to evaluate and analyze the value of English in minds of people staying here. A proper age bracket has also been considered and analyzed plus even they were asked questions related to use of English in their personal as well as professional life. Thisstudy presentsa proper study of roles ofthe Putonghua,English as well as Cantonesein HongKong and the schools here that follow secondary education ideologically dedicatedtopromotion of the Putonghua, as well as also relates it to togeneralissue ofrelative situation of dissimilar languagesinthe Hong Kong.The research also studieshistoryof the languagepolicy withinthe particular school,whereI once worked,as well as presents all the outcomes ofthe questionnaire examination ofpractice plusopinions of present membersofthe staff. Efforts are also taken to promote the English-speaking atmosphere,such asthosetowards promoting English, actually have till avast extentbee n aggravatedbystrong affectiontowardsCantoneseofthe overwhelmingly Cantonese-speaking community. The obtainablepattern of the languages that are similar toones inseveral Hong Kong institutions for education as well as workplaces plus would also be extra difficulttowards changewith no presence of any significant percentage ofthe Non-English speakers in theorganization. Methodology Informationrelated to presentlanguage utilization plus attitudes at school under examination was studied and the details wereobtained upon threeindividual visits.A proper questionnaire also wasdistributedtowards teachingemployees and also 15forms were in reality returned.I even conducted face to face interviewswith principal,and English as well asChinesepanel plus witheachother the teacherof Englishplus oneof the Chinese.This also was done within Englishapart from for aChineseteacher,withwhomI also usedEnglish (Maza, 1957).I even explainedthat informationwasrequiredfor theprojectasa part of my researchbut may eventuallygetpublished within fewform or some other.Informantsalso werelater providedachance towards comment upon drafting of thereport for the research and, though principalhave found interpretation slightly subjective,therealso wereseriously zeroobjections towardsexactstatements. Withexception of Englishpanel, who actually had joinedschool uponreturningfrom the degreestudies w ithin USA,all those were interviewedwere actually known tomethroughmy self time operationalin school. There also was zeroconvenient English panelthat was met totaperecord, yet my feelingfrom three visits wasreliable withstatementsymptomatic of as well as almost completelyEnglishatmosphereexterior certain officialsettings. Data Presentsion Plus Analysis As primaryschool that was run by similarassociation looked likeit operates thePutonghua-mediumscheme allacrossmajority of curriculum,practice within secondary school examined is to persuade other than enforcing the utilization of the language Putonghua.Contractof teachersof Chinese mediumdemand that schools must teachthe students in English language.The first holderof suchpositionwasthePutonghua-speaker through Taiwanwho also had beforehandworkedlikeanacademicwithin theUSA.He also was notat all fluent within Cantonese plus he alsoattempted towards establishing thePutonghua otherwise Englishatmospherewithin the school, teachingstaff were instructed that they must never useCantonese towards talkingto one another in staff room.Fewteachersevenclaimedthat the teacherlikelychoseto talkin Putonghuatowards the membersof employees whothe teacherknewwere extra stronger in talking in English plusto utilizeEnglishwith all thosewho actually were extracomfortablewithin Putonghua.A Chinese teacher speaking was also saidto getresigned just because of the result of the application of the rules.Also in contrast, currentprincipalof the school was also unable to talk inPutonghua while appointed plus wasalso askedby association towards taking lessons.He then claimsto get reasonablyeasy but carries on to build the speechesupon formaltimes in English,that remainsthestronger language of the teacher.Englishotherwise Putonghuaalso isstilllanguages utilizedfor operationslike yearly graduationceremonial.Common announcements at the assembly that also were made within the Cantonese language when I initially joined school as a teacher plus in Putonghua otherwise English while my last year arecurrently madewithin only Putonghua (PENNINGTON and YUE, 1994). In commonlife of school, overwhelminglythe Cantonese-oriented character of the HongKongcommunity haseffortlessly resisted institutionalforceto boost use ofthe Englishas well as Putonghua. Though realprincipals appointmentof theAmericanemigrantatsole stagelikeEnglishpanel made few utilizationof the Englishamong theteacherspredictable,instructionsfully banningthe Cantonesefrom staff roomalso were ignored other than whenprincipal himselfactually walked by.At presenteventhe contractualneedtoteach subjectsof Chinese-mediuminthe language Putonghua iscommonly disregarded.ChinesePanel alsoexplainedthatit actually washardto attainstudentstodisburse attention even while speaking to the students in their own mother-tongueas well as that extensive useof the Putonghua also wasthus impractical.Thoughno factor was mentioned, parental needs may even have counted all against the Putonghua, because I remember considering an interiorschool text suggesting thatthe parentsmay alsopress foruseof the Cantonesewithin its place. Someother teachersbelonging to Chinese and whom I spoke also claimedthat he or shehimselfas well as oneother associate of paneldidutilize Putonghua lengthilyyetthat o thersregularlyemployed the Cantonese.His selfmethod also was toprovide explanations of textbookwithin Putonghua,yet he also allowed studentsto reply to the questions within theCantoneselanguage and also to use Cantonese himselfforexplaining chieflyhardpoints.Healso expectedtoview greater stress upon Putonghua within future yet, like currentprincipal,wasalso against attemptingto impose language. Repliestowards questionnaireactually indicate pattern of the code-switching and was alsoprevalentall through mostofthe Hong Kongs so called schools that wereAnglo-Chinese.Also twoof Englisheducatorsdid, moreover, claimtowards usingEnglishupon few occasions withthe studentsexterior to the class, few thingsIhad also observed apreceding panel doing throughSixth type of studentswhile I also was a staff.Additionally, meetings of the English panel areyet conducted within the English language.Thoughthe panel statedabout this that this must ideallyhappen within any situation,shealso admittedthat esta blishingfactor actually wasactuallypresenceof theMalaysian-Chinesethat is in reality not so fluentin the language named Cantonese. This educator herself, who actually hadbeenwithin the Hong Kong since some nine years,even informed meabout herself that she till nownormallyutilizedEnglishfor every one-on-one interactionwith some other teachersas well as thatthoughshefrom time to time spokewithin the language said as Cantonese withthe learnersshealso preferred to talk in Englishwhile scoldingtheclass asthey maylaugh onherpronunciation of the Cantonese language.Sheeven hadparticular complexitywith extraformalvocabulary within the Cantonese language andwithinfullemployee meetings that were conducted, also asin my time,within Cantonese and then shecannot properly understand but sometimes also askedfor understandingif sheeven thought that a thing waschieflyimportant. Thoughacultural Chinese, shealso was therefore to a vastextent playing similarrole like thewestern teacherswho was also an e xpatriate and even had formerlyperformed within theschool by providingsome occasion forlargeruseof the Englishlanguage as compared to ones that otherwisecould haveoccurred, yet at costof beinganincomplete outsider within theCantonesesociety (Pierson, Fu and Lee, 1980).The status of this teacher actually was semi-foreignerand thus wasunbreakableasshewas never expert in Chinese plus therefore cannot getany advantageof the TVsubtitles or something else for aiding herattainmentof the Cantonese language. Englishatmosphere was not that commonwithin the school but yet teachingstaff were instructed that they must never useCantonese towards talkingto one another in staff room.Fewteachersevenclaimedthat the teacherlikelychoseto talkin Putonghuatowards the membersof employees whothe teacherknewwere extra stronger in talking in English plusto utilizeEnglishwith all thosewho actually were extracomfortablewithin Putonghua (Zhou, 2010). The thorough results of questionnaire are now being presented below in the form of a Table. It mustbenoted thattowards assisting thedistributionof typesthethe EnglishPanel or anyassistantthat has writtenthe individualteachers startingon themas well asthis might even have reservedthe honesty of results,especiallyfrom the time thetotalissueof the language utilizationpredominantlyin classroom is thesensitive one as well assince several of such asked to react already were known to me personally as I have worked in the school for some years in past time. Respondents subject and language background Subjects taught 1. Chinese/ Chinese history-2 2. Economics3. Chemistry4. Geography5 Biology6. English7. Math8. Computer 9. Arts10. PutonghuaLanguage use in specific situation E E(P) E(C) E+C C(E) C C(P) C(P,E) P+E P P(E) P(C,E) P Explaining content of thetextbookaChinese-medium subject 7 1 Explaining content of any text book in English medium subject 3 6 2 1 1 Classroom management in any English medium subject 2 5 2 1 3 Management of classroom in a Chinese medium subject 8 1 Talking to people outside class specially student 1 1 13 Staff meeting that is informal 12 2 1 Panel meeting 4 1 10 Informal interaction within the school a) To Cantonese coworkers 15 b) To Chinese coworkers and visitors 2 1 6 3 KEY 1. C = Cantonese2. E= English3. P= Putonghua Where single symbolseemsin brackets following another like E(C)) it shows normal utilization of first plus subsidiary utilization of second. Where duallanguages areseen in Used normallycolumnthey actually areLinkedwith + like E+ CThe responsesactually indicatedual symptoms that arecommonlylow phase of proficiencywithin thePutonghua as well asavery strong favorite for ongoingtofunction principallywithin theCantonese and also out of the aggregate which is 157 settings, answers also show predominantutilizationof the Cantonese within some110 teachers (Yu and Atkinson, 1988).This outcome might also beslowlyskewed asI havenot yet prepared anyChinese descriptionof questionnaireas well as a minimum two of Chinese panel countingoneof interviewees alsohadnegligibleEnglish, yet thisistill now possiblybroadlyenvoyof employees onawhole.It isevenvital that single of all the teachers of the Chinese who also returned the questionnaire claimedmerely about the capabilitytotalk one-on-one inthe Putonghua language notwith fullfluency. Avery great percentageof teachers also claimed thefluencywithin Englishthat was actually 14 out ofthe 15 who answered plus alsothat these people even felt very comfortablewhile speakingEnglish towards the foreigners that were 13from amongst the15. Contrarily, majoritywhich is 11 from all 15also may bevery happy tospeak and talk and use Englishtowards aChinese that didnever understand the Cantonese;such most probably reflects reality that all their poor authorityof Putonghua createsEnglishdemonstratesalower embarrassing choiceas well as alsolikelymost of replies experience using the Englishthroughtheir Malaysiancoworkers over manyyears.Data uponthis also point,however, beextra full ifquestionnaire may have also askedwhat language people actuallyutilizedwhile speaking in a straight lineto the Chinese who in reality didnever knowCantoneseyet were very proficientin Putonghua as well as English. Therealso were very clear majoritythat preferred to speak and write Englishother than Cantonesewhile talking tosomeWesterner that understood the Cantonese (Tsui and Bunton, 2000).As talkedin introducti on,such might reflect verysimple concern throughasserting selfstatuslikecapableusersof the language named Englishyet other reorganizations might also be important. It isevenvital that single of all the teachers of the Chinese who also returned the questionnaire claimedmerely about the capabilitytotalk one-on-one inthe Putonghua language notwith fullfluency. Avery great percentageof teachers also claimed thefluencywithin Englishthat was actually 14 out ofthe 15 who answered plus alsothat these people even felt very comfortablewhile speakingEnglish towards the foreigners that were 13from amongst the15. Finally,while answering questionsrelated to talking to people inCantonesein presenceof a personwho didnever understand particular language, the vast number ofrespondents actually indicatedthat, to the extent thattheir self proficiencypermittedit, they actually would select alanguageknown by thirdparty.Like Westernersin common often lodged complainaboutEnglish-talkingChinesecolleagueswho oftenfailed to dosuch in any situation. Commentary Regarding spokencommunication and interactions,workingecologies in the Hong Kong could in reality beseparatedto three classes that are, local who have almost eliteutilizationof Cantonese, second is the oldcolonial havingCantoneseusedin the middle ofcolleaguesyet Englishneeded for interactionwith all the superiors; andlastly the international who workingatthe similarlevel carry dissimilarlanguage backgroundsas well as Englishthus becomes natural base for their communication and interaction.Staff within theHong Kong school that was analyzed generallyworking as in a verylocal ecology and surrounding.The meeting ofanynon-Cantonese-talkerasinitial principalof school within thestudy distorted the total situationto old colonialassortment, but through the Putonghua plus English in highphase and situation as well as proper and greater stage. The appointmentlikeordinarypartsof employee of the non-Cantonese talker, whether Westerners otherwise ethnic Chinese also shifted whole ecology into inte rnationalway, for instance, in continuingutilizationof the English language for EnglishPanelsittings and meetings organized thereby. The main evidence and proof from the study demonstrates and shows that rather all this beingareturn towards oldcolonialreplica will never haveany extra effect uponhorizontalinteraction patterns, thatwould merely beshifted considerablythrough introducingverysignificantquantity of the non-Cantonese talkersas commonplacemembersof the employees otherwise staff. Providedall the demographicfacts and details like change within the workforceelementsisnever avery practical probabilityfor mostof the schools or teaching organizations in the Hong Kong or for any other workplaces in the nation (Wang and Ladegaard, 2008). In a nutshell here are all the facts and details related to the use of English language and also some other languages like Cantonese and Putonghua in the school of Hong-Kong and also in other workplaces where people from several backgrounds work together. References Davison, C. (2007). Views From the Chalkface: English Language School-Based Assessment in Hong Kong. Language Assessment Quarterly, 4(1), pp.37-68. Maza, H. (1957). Language Differences and Political Integration*. The Modern Language Journal, 41(8), pp.365-372. PENNINGTON, M. and YUE, F. (1994). English and Chinese in Hong Kong: pre-1997 language attitudes. World Englishes, 13(1), pp.1-20. Pierson, H., Fu, G. and Lee, S. (1980). AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE ATTITUDES AND ENGLISH ATTAINMENT OF SECONDARY STUDENTS IN HONG KONG. Language Learning, 30(2), pp.289-305. Tsui, A. and Bunton, D. (2000). The discourse and attitudes of English language teachers in Hong Kong. World Englishes, 19(3), pp.287-303. Wang, L. and Ladegaard, H. (2008). Language Attitudes and Gender in China: Perceptions and Reported Use of Putonghua and Cantonese in the Southern Province of Guangdong. Language Awareness, 17(1), pp.57-77. Yu, V. and Atkinson, P. (1988). An investigation of the language difficulties experienced by Hong Kong secondary school students in English medium schools: II some causal factors. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 9(4), pp.307-322. Zhou, Y. (2010). English Language Learning Strategy Use by Chinese Senior High School Students. English Language Teaching, 3(4).

The Arts and Crafts Movement free essay sample

The Arts and Craft movement was a social and artistic movement, which began in Britain in the second half of the nineteenth century and continued into the twentieth spreading to continental Europe and the USA. Its adherents-artists, architects, designers and Craftsmen sought to reassert the importance of and craftsmanship in all arts in the face of increasing industrialization, which they felt was sacrificing quality in the pursuit of quantity. Its supporters and practioners were united not so much by a style rather than the common goal- a desire to break down the hierarchy of the arts and to revive traditional handicrafts and make art that could be affordable to all. The leading exponent and propagandist of the movement was the designer, painter, and social reformer William Morris. He developed the view that art should be both beautiful and functional. His ideal, the pure and simple beauty of modern craftsmanship was further strengthened by his friendships with the painters Edward Burne-Jones and Dante Gabriel Rossetti who also looked to the middle ages for aesthetic guidance . We will write a custom essay sample on The Arts and Crafts Movement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Yet, while the Arts and Crafts movement was in large part a reaction to industrialization, if looked at on the whole, it was neither anti-industrial nor anti-modern. Some of the European factions believed that machines were in fact necessary, but they should only be used to relieve the tedium of mundane, repetitive tasks. At the same time, some Arts and Crafts leaders felt that objects should also be affordable. The conflict between quality production and demo design, and the attempt to reconcile the two, dominated design debate at the turn of the twentieth century. Though the spontaneous personality of the designer became more central than the historical style of a design, certain tendencies stood out: reformist neo-gothic influences, rustic and cottagey surfaces, repeating designs, vertical and elongated forms. In order to express the beauty inherent in craft, some products were deliberately left slightly unfinished, resulting in a certain rustic and robust effect. There were also socialist undertones to this movement, in that another primary aim was for craftspeople to derive satisfaction from what they did. This satisfaction, the proponents of this movement felt, was totally denied in the industrialised processes inherent in compartmentalised machine production. In the United States, the Arts and Crafts Movement took on a distinctively more bourgeois flavor. While the European movement tried to recreate the virtuous world of craft labor that was being destroyed by industrialization, Americans tried to establish a new source of virtue to replace heroic craft production: the tasteful middle-class home. They thought that the simple but refined aesthetics of Arts and Crafts decorative arts would ennoble the new experience of industrial consumerism, making individuals more rational and society more harmonious. In short, the American Arts and Crafts Movement was the aesthetic counterpart of its contemporary political movement: Progressivism. Art Nouveau, 1890-1914, explores a new style in the visual arts and architecture that developed in Europe and North America at the end of the nineteenth century. The exhibition is divided into three sections: the first focuses on the 1900 Worlds Fair in Paris, where Art Nouveau was established as the first new decorative style of the twentieth century; the second examines the sources that influenced the style; and the third looks at its development and fruition in major cities in Europe and North America. At its height exactly one hundred years ago, Art Nouveau was a concerted attempt to create an international style based on decoration. It was developed by a brilliant and energetic generation of artists and designers, who sought to fashion an art form appropriate to the modern age. During this extraordinary time, urban life as we now understand it was established. Old customs, habits, and artistic styles sat alongside new, combining a wide range of contradictory images and ideas. Many artists, designers, and architects were excited by new technologies and lifestyles, while others retreated into the past, embracing the spirit world, fantasy, and myth. In design Art Nouveau was characterized by writhing plant forms and an opposition to the historicism which had plagued the 19th century. There was a tension implicit throughout the movement between the decorative and the modern which can be seen in the work of individual designers as well as in the chronology of the whole. Its emphasis on decoration and artistic unity links the movement to contemporary Symbolist ideas in art, as seen in the work of the Vienna Secessionists, but the movement was also associated with Arts and Crafts ideas and, as such, Art Nouveau forms a bridge between Morris and Gropius (recognized by Pevsner in his book, Pioneers of the Modern Movement, 1936). In Britain the style was exemplified by the architecture of Rennie Mackintosh, and the design work of the Macdonald sisters. The lingering impact of Morris in England slowed down the progress of the new style in design although Mackmurdo, Godwin, Townsend and even Voysey were influenced towards Art Nouveau. It was in illustration that the ideas were most keenly felt, through the new periodicals and presses the Yellow Book, the Studio, the Savoy, the Hobby Horse and though the work of Beardsley, Ricketts and Selwyn Image. In France, despite Guimards famous glass and iron Metro designs, the movement was best expressed in the applied arts, especially the glassware of Lalique (1860-1945) and Galle (1846-1904). In Belgium, the style was promoted through the Societe des Vingts (Les Vingt) established in 1884, and including Ensor as well as the more characteristically Art Nouveau architects Horta and Van de Velde in its members. In Spain the style was concentrated in the eccentric hands of Gaudi in Barcelona. In Vienna, architects like Wagner, Hoffmann and Olbrich, and artists such as Klimt gathered to promote the style through the Secessionist magazine Ver Sacrum. In Germany, the movement split between the decorative tendencies of Otto Eckman (1865-1902) and the Pan magazine, and the streamlined design of Behrens. In America architects like Sullivan and Wright were influenced by European ideas but conceived Art Nouveau in different terms, whilst designers like Tiffany enthusiastically embraced the movement. Jewelery of the Art Nouveau period revitalized the jewelers art, with nature as the principal source of inspiration, complemented by new levels of virtuosity in enameling and the introduction of new materials, such as opals and semi-precious stones. The widespread interest in Japanese art, and the more specialized enthusiasm for Japanese metalworking skills, fostered new themes and approaches to ornament. For the previous two centuries, the emphasis in fine jewelery had been on gemstones, particularly on the diamond, and the jeweler or goldsmith had been principally concerned with providing settings for their advantage. With Art Nouveau, a different type of jewelery emerged, motivated by the artist-designer rather than the jeweler as setter of precious stones. The jewelers of Paris and Brussels defined Art Nouveau in jewelery, and in these cities it achieved the most renown. Contemporary French critics were united in acknowledging that jewelery was undergoing a radical transformation, and that the French designer-jeweler-glassmaker Rene Lalique was at its heart. Lalique glorified nature in jewelery, extending the repertoire to include new aspects of nature — dragonflies or grasses — inspired by his encounter with Japanese art. The jewelers were keen to establish the new style in a noble tradition, and for this they looked back to the Renaissance, with its jewels of sculpted and enameled gold, and its acceptance of jewelers as artists rather than craftsmen. In most of the enameled work of the period precious stones receded. Diamonds were usually given subsidiary roles, used alongside less familiar materials such as moulded glass, horn and ivory.